1.
Efficacy Of Chenopodium Album As Anthelmintic Against Gastrointestinal Nematodes Of Sheep Dr. Muhammad Lateef
by Waseem Ahmad (2007-VA-74) | Prof. Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Helminthiasis is among the most significant animal health harms, which inflicts heavy
production and economy losses especially in small ruminants. The helminth problem is
highly common mainly in developing countries like Pakistan (Dhar et al. 1982). Small
ruminants have much importance in meat and leather industry of Pakistan. Sheep play a vital
role in producing income and provide financial support for poor farmers in developing
countries. Endo-parasites represent a major constraint to the production and growth of small
ruminants (Babar et al. 2013). Pakistan has been reported to problem of helminths in sheep
and goat (Raza et al. 2009) and cattle and buffalo (Athar et al. 2011). Mainly infection is
generally controlled by allopathic drugs and vaccination (Behnke et al. 2008). Parasitic
diseases are a major threat in efficiency, the most widespread helminth parasites being
Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus spp. and Oesophagostomum columbianum. Liver
flukes and paramphistomes (Fasciola gigantica and Paramphistomum microbothrium)
occasionally cause heavy mortality in animals grazing swampy areas (Akerejola et al. 1979).
The adverse effects of nematode infections include: loss of weight, anorexia, anaemia,
retarded growth, delayed sexual maturity, decrease in milk and meat production (Saddiqi et
al. 2012).
Indigenous knowledge of herbal medicine is a big source of the modern knowledge.
Today, thousands of plants, traditionally used as medicines are being explored (Kakar, 2012).
Chemical control of helminths coupled with improved management has been an important
worm control approach throughout the World. However, increasing problems of development
of resistance in helminths rise in price of drugs contributing factor for traditional plant used
(Coles et al. 1997) against anthelmintics have led to the proposal of screening medicinal
1
Introduction
plants for their anthelmintic activities. Reports of drug resistance have been made in every
livestock host and to every anthelmintic class. In some regions of world, the extremely high
prevalence of multi-drug resistance (MDR) in nematodes of sheep and goats threatens the
viability of small-ruminant industries. Many parasitic nematodes of veterinary importance
have genetic features that favor the development of anthelmintic resistance (Kaplan et al.
2004).
The plants are known to provide a rich source of botanical anthelmintics (Lewis and
Elvin Lewis 1977). There are many medicinal plants have been used to treat parasitic
infections in man and animals (Iqbal et al. 2005). Various botanical plants have been
possessed anthelmintic activity against helminth e.g Chenopodium album (Eguale & Giday,
2009). It has been expected that there are around 250,000 plant species present throughout the
world. Plants, from ancient, have served human beings as sources of food, shelter, clothing
and medicines. Before the advent of modern allopathic medicine and synthetic drugs, plants
and to a certain extent, animals and minerals were used in various formulations for treatment
of diseases by traditional medicinal practitioner (Rahmatullah et al. 2011).
Plant medicine is very important from ancient to present daytime. The uses of
biologically different plant assets for various ailments are the lifelong struggle of humankind
(Hussain et al. 2008). In Indo-Pak subcontinent, Ayurvedic and Unani therapeutic systems
are very popular and people have been using plants not only for the treatment of their own
ailments but also for their domesticated animals.
Chenopodium album (Chenopodiaceae) commonly known as “Bathu” is important
medicinal plants in Pakistan and their different parts are utilized in the traditional system of
medicine (Said et al. 1970). Chenopodium album usually recognized as “Bathua” is a familiar
food as well as a medicinal plant. In traditional system of medicine, it is used as an
anthelmintic, antimicrobial, antirheumatic, contraceptive, laxative, cardiotonic, antiscorbutic,
2
Introduction
and blood purifier & also in management of hepatic disorder, spleen enlargement, intestinal
ulcers, digestive, carminative, seminal weakness, pharyngopathy, splenopathy, hemorrhoids,
cardiac disorder (Panigrahy et al. 2012). The seeds of the plant are known to possess
anthelmintic activity against Haemonchus contortus. A compound C37- trihydroxy adjacent
bistetrahydrofuran acetogenin, present in the seeds, is responsible for inhibition of the egg
hatching of
gastrointestinal
nematodes
(Saha et
al.
2011).
Chenopodium
album
(Chenopodiaceae) is a rapid rising fragile annual plant and it is found in Bangladesh. In
English plant known as Lamb’s quarters and in Bengali as Buthiya shak. Both in vitro and in
vivo activity of plant as anthelmintic has been reported (Jain and Singhai 2012).
Chenopodium album was found to be one of the initial plant species colonizing a heavy
metal-contaminated site, polluted by pyritic (sulphide-rich) waste from the Aznalcóllar Mine
spill (South-western Spain). This shows its importance in the re-vegetation of this soil
(Walker et al. 2004). In vitro experiments were arranged to conclude the possible
anthelmintic efficacy of crude aqueous extracts and powder of the whole of Chenopodium
album (Eguale et al. 2009). Commercial preparations of oil of chenopodium album and its
active constituent, ascaridol, obtained by steam distillation, have been and continue to be,
used with substantial success in mass treatment campaigns (Kliks et al. 1985).
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2203,T] (1).
2.
Evaluation Of Different Preparations Of Allium Sativum (Garlic) Against Coccidiosis In Broilers Dr. Muhammad Lateef
by Muhammad Waqas | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz | Dr. Haroon Akbar | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Poultry industry is playing a pivotal role for the prosperity of Pakistan and is growing day
by day. However, this sector is still facing many problems like coccidiosis which are hindering
its progress (Saima et al. 2010). Coccidiosis with the protozoan parasite Eimeria as the
infectious agent causes enormous economic losses, particularly in poultry farms (Dkhil et al.
2011). Eimeria are common parasites in the digestive tract of the hosts causing diarrhea and fluid
loss. Infections begin with oral uptake of Eimerian oocysts which release sporozoites in the
intestine. These in turn invade enterocytes in which they multiply, and finally, oocysts are
released again with the faeces (Renaux et al. 2001). Medicinal plants as natural feed additives
are recently used in poultry diet to enhance the performance and immune response of chicken
(Tanweer et al. 2012). Coccidiosis of chickens is an enteric parasitic disease caused by multiple
species of the protozoan parasite genus Eimeria (Apicomplexa: Eucoccidia: Eimeriidae) and is
one of the commonest and economically most important diseases of poultry world-wide (Shirley
et al. 2005). It causes production losses, and high morbidity (due to acute, bloody enteritis) and
mortality rates. While the control of coccidiosis has relied mainly on the preventive use of anticoccidial
drugs together with the induction of species-specific natural immunity in chicken
flocks (Shirley et al. 2005), this widely used approach is costly and has led to serious problems
with drug resistance in Eimeria populations (Williams, 2006). Levine discovered that
sulphanilamide would cure coccidiosis in chickens, various anticoccidial feed additives have
been developed and added (Levine 1939). Efforts have always been made to add coccidiostats on
regular basis in chicken’s diet. Consistent use of coccidiostats has not only narrowed the gap
between cost of production and returns, it could be a potential threat to human being as a result
Introduction
2
of their residual effects. The increasing resistance of avian coccidiosis to anti-coccidial drugs
currently used by poultry industry together with the requirement for drug and antibiotic free
production systems has meant that it is now important to look for new ways to control the
disease. So, research initiated for possible use of herbal (natural) products against avian
coccidiosis. Herbal products in past have been effectively used for the control and treatment of
several ailments in poultry and human beings. Allium sativum a medicinal plant could be an
effective substitute for coccidiostats because of its chemical nature and antimicrobial activities.
Allium sativum (garlic) have been widely used for their broad range of pharmacological
activities, including antiparasitic activities. Avian coccidiosis is one of the most costly and widespread
parasitic diseases in the poultry industry, and has been mainly controlled by the use of
different chemotherapeutic agents. Due to the emergence of drug-resistant strains, alternative
control strategies are needed (Elbanna, 2012). Hence, further investigations are required to
understand the exact mechanism underlying the effects of these feed additives, which are still in
use in broiler nutrition as performance enhancers and as agents for controlling coccidiosis.
Garlic (Allium sativum ) has been known as an herbal remedy to prevent and treat a variety
of heart diseases and metabolic diseases, such as atherosclerosis, thrombosis, hypertension,
dementia, cancer, and diabetes (Elbanna, 2012). Garlic has rich organosulfur compounds and
precursors (allicin, diallyl sulfide, and diallyl trisulfide). The enzyme allinase that is responsible
for converting alliin (S-allyl cysteine sulfoxide) to allicin is inactive. When garlic is chopped or
crushed, the allinase enzyme present in garlic is activated and acts on alliin (present in whole
garlic) to produce allicin (Tanweer et al. 2012). Many studies indicate that allicin is the
potentially active component of garlic. These compounds provide garlic its characteristic odor
flavor as well as most of its biological properties and have been identified as having the
Introduction
3
hypocholesterolemic effect in human and animal products (Silagy and Neil, 1994; Konjufca et
al., 1997; Chowdhury et al., 2002).
Species of Eimeria in poultry are usually identified by the size and morphology of
different stages of the life cycle of the parasite and the nature and location of lesions in the
intestines. Differentiation of species in mixed infections, however, can be difficult because some
species have similar characteristics (Long and Reid, 1982).
Different workers have investigated the prevalence of eimeriosis in different classes of
poultry birds and in different areas of Pakistan (Dar and Anwar, 1981; Anjum, 1990; Ayaz et al.,
2003). Each Eimeria species has a particular predilection site in the chicken digestive tract; for
example, E. tenella attacks the cecum. However, the most common and pathogenic species that
affects the poultry industry in Pakistan is E. tenella, which results in high mortality (Ayaz et al.,
2003; Abbas et al., 2008).
The increasing resistance of avian coccidiosis to anti-coccidial drugs currently used by
poultry industry together with the requirement for drug and a production systems which should
be antibiotic free, it’s now very much necessary to go for the new and advanced methods to
prevent this disease. Therefore, scientists started to work on medicinal use of herbal products to
control this eimeriosis. In past for treatment of various human and poultry ailments the natural
herbal products have been effectively used several times. Because of the anticoccidial nature and
antibacterial effect, garlic could be served as a valuable alternative for coccidiostats as a
medicinal plant. Previously it has been used for multipurpose like as an antibiotic, for antiinflammatory
effects, for anti- eimerial response and as an anti-ulcer agent. Keeping in view the
importance of poultry industry in Pakistan, the present project has been designed to “Evaluate
different preparations of Allium sativum (Garlic) against coccidiosis in broilers”. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2189,T] (1).
